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Comparing the outcome of organic reactions, the strength of nucleophiles, or the reaction rate is at the core of organic chemistry. Through asking comparative questions, we gain insight into reaction processes and reactivity patterns, which allow us to predict and explain novel ones. Learning a collection of seemingly unrelated reactions, or even name reactions in organic chemistry, as often the practice in organic chemistry classes, does not allow learners or make it more difficult to understand and derive the underlying principles that govern reactions.
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This structured approach helps students avoid jumping to the final answer without considering the underlying reasons. A mixed-methods study could confirm that especially students with a low prior knowledge profited from working with a scaffold and had a higher learning gain, whereas it does also not harm those with higher prior knowledge (Kranz et al., 2023). Lieber et al. (2022) advanced a scaffold further by acknowledging students’ individual needs when arguing about alternative reaction pathways.
Design Matters: Kara Swisher – PRINT Magazine - PRINT Magazine
Design Matters: Kara Swisher – PRINT Magazine.
Posted: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 07:00:00 GMT [source]
ECCO makes Milan Design Week debut with immersive exhibition Material Matters
This can help them develop their ability to recognize patterns, make connections, and draw conclusions, which are essential skills in scientific inquiry and research (Alfieri et al., 2013). Figure 1 illustrates the differences between tasks based on single cases, contrasting cases with one variable and contrasting cases with two (or more) variables. When comparing a simple single case (Figure 1, upper part), the prompt is often only answered superficially, for example in stating as to whether reactions take place from a thermodynamic point of view. But when another case is added, such as changing the leaving group, this could be considered the simplest format of a case comparison, as only one variable of two displayed reactions is changed (Figure 1, middle part).
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We advocate to be recognized as “registered design professionals” as defined in the International Building Code, which will enable Registered Interior Designers equal access to the permitting process across the state. For 20 years, Debbie was the President of the design division at Sterling Brands, where she worked with over 200 of the world’s largest brands, including the redesign of Burger King, merchandising for Star Wars and the positioning and branding of the No More movement. She is also President Emeritus of AIGA, one of five women to hold the position in the organization’s 100-year history and a past board member and treasurer of the New York Chapter. She has been a juror for competitions including Cannes Lions, The Art Directors Club, The Type Directors Club, Fast Company, HOW Magazine, Print Magazine, ID Magazine, AIGA, The Dieline, and more. Currently, Debbie is the Editorial and Creative Director of Print Magazine, the oldest magazine about design in the United States, and a board member of actor and activist Mariska Hargitay’s Joyful Heart Foundation, legendary Performance Space 122 and the venerable Type Directors Club. Debbie is president emeritus of AIGA and is a frequent speaker on design and branding.
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Those adaptive scaffolds could show that more individualized instruction when using different cases in organic chemistry might be a new avenue to improve teaching. The germane cognitive load describes the load that relates directly to learning as an activity and is considered productive (Paas and Sweller, 2014). The more a learner can focus on the learning itself, the more effectively links can be created.
Schween’s group has developed numerous experiments that make intermediate stages “visible,” for example, based on conductivity measurements (cf. Trabert et al., 2023 for an overview). In each case, two or more reactions are compared with each other and learners are prompted to estimate the reaction with the higher reaction rate. Figure 3 illustrates the linkage of Trabert and Schween’s (2020) case comparisons of an alkaline ester hydrolysis, which is focused on inductive effects and their experimental design to the CPOE cycle. Thereby, students first receive contrasting cases of ester hydrolysis, which differ in their substituents on the phenyl group (Figure 3, compare) Based on these two reactions, students have to predict which of the reactions proceed faster including a justification (Figure 3, predict). Students test their hypothesis afterwards in the laboratory with conductivity measurements (Figure 3, observe).
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California is the only certification administered by an independent, private organization; it’s also the only state with its own exam. In 2009, Debbie co-founded, with Steven Heller, the world’s first graduate program in branding at the School of Visual Arts in New York City. She is the author of seven books, including her latest, Why Design Matters, and has been published in over 10 languages.
Chemistry learning, and especially organic chemistry, merely addressed meaningful task design in classes, often using more reproduction-oriented predict-the-product tasks. In recent years, rethinking task design has become a major focus for instructional design in chemistry education research. Variations of this task design in the chemistry classroom and recommendations for teaching with case comparisons based on current state-of-the-art evidence from research studies in chemistry education research are provided. One may now ask, why comparing and contrasting should be an important part of learning in chemistry.
As educators in chemistry, we would unanimously agree that understanding the relationship between the Lewis structure representations of organic molecules and their chemical properties, the molecular architecture, as named by Laszlo (2002), is essential for explaining or predicting chemical behavior. When learning chemistry, students, thus, encounter various ways of representing structures and processes (i.e., electron-pushing formalism) and must connect this to chemical and physical characteristics and energetic considerations (Goodwin, 2010). As a chemical entity has both a visible structural representation and an underlying conceptual aspect, difficulties in linking these two aspects can lead to a superficial understanding. Studies consistently show that students often focus on surface features or patterns when estimating the reactivity of molecules, overlooking functional or more abstract relational similarities (cf. Cooper et al., 2013; Anzovino and Bretz, 2016; Talanquer, 2017). They tend to equate visual similarity with chemical similarity, potentially missing out on understanding how different structural environments can lead to property changes, i.e., changes in chemical reactivity (Bhattacharyya, 2014; Graulich et al., 2019).
They provided industry expertise related to project oversight, project management, coordination with building professionals, detailed specification reviews, and installation support for the sub-contractors. It was a lot of work, but she did it with full charge enthusiasm and made it a worthwhile and fun process for us as well! It's also about creating the friendliest and most welcoming atmosphere, including people from all backgrounds. By joining Design Matters you will expand your knowledge, grow your network, experience new things, find inspiration, and most importantly…have a lot of fun!
Today, Design Matters has grown into an internationally renowned conference including diverse, knowledgeable, kind, and inspiring people from all over the world. The workshops let you dig deeper into a specific technique, process, or skill that you can take home and put into practice right away. You will also find networking and crafty activities, as well as evening performances and parties to allow yourself to unwind and connect with other fellow designers. This is why, every year, we bring on stage the most brilliant and skilled design practitioners to talk with honesty and passion about their experiences, challenges, successes, and failures. Our mission is to spark up the conversation about the work and the role of digital designers – now and in the future - and to build a global, diverse, and inclusive community where people connect and empower each other. One of the first steps in being an educated advocate is knowing your state’s current law and how it works.
The study could document that all students in the study were profiting from the given verbal explanation, but especially low performing students profited from the highlighting. Following students while watching the videos with highlighting with the help of eye-tracking could show that the attention to relevant areas is focused over the entire time of the video, and the perceived extraneous cognitive load is decreased (Rodemer et al., 2022). These overall results illustrated that beginners need more support in decoding the molecular structures that we use in organic chemistry, and guiding their attention is key for a decreased extraneous cognitive load.
Named “one of the most influential designers working today” by Graphic Design USA, and “one of the most creative people working in business” by Fast Company, Debbie Millman is also an author, educator, brand strategist and host of the podcast Design Matters. As the founder and host of Design Matters, the first and longest running podcast about design, Millman has interviewed nearly 300 design luminaries and cultural commentators, including Massimo Vignelli, Milton Glaser, Malcolm Gladwell, Dan Pink, Barbara Kruger, Seth Godin and more. In the 11 years since its inception, the show has garnered over 5 million downloads per year, a Cooper Hewitt National Design Award and—most recently—iTunes designated it one of the best podcasts of 2015. As the founder and host of Design Matters, the first and longest-running podcast about design, Millman has interviewed nearly 300 design luminaries and cultural commentators, including Massimo Vignelli, Milton Glaser, Malcolm Gladwell, Dan Pink, Barbara Kruger, Seth Godin and more. Broadcasting independently for over 15 years, the show is about how incredibly creative people design the arc of their lives.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Dr. April Matthias with the School of Nursing served as the program coordinator during the process. “What we often see in design now is what we call this onstage-offstage model, whereby patients will often get the shiny lobby with the art, the window and the sculpture or fountain and staff will get a lounge at the back of the building without any windows, with barren walls," she said. “Changing out lightbulbs in nursing homes can impact fall rates significantly,” said Dr. Diana Anderson, a geriatrician and professor of medicine at Boston University.
This theme will look into the “trenches” of design, exploring new and effective ways to solve design problems and staying creative, to truly make a change. Having learned, it seems, that any great interview involves vulnerability on both sides, Millman shares her own. A performer on Broadway.” Before becoming a consultant, “I was rejected by every profession I tried, from Columbia School of Journalism to the independent study program at the Whitney Museum.
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